In short, it seems it is not possible to send deleted messages to a folder different than Gmail's default trash folder, which is forcibly deleted by Gmail every 30 days, which means you're screwed if you deleted something by mistake earlier than 30 days ago. Because of that, I think this is a severe limitation of Thunderbird and I think will get rid of it, unless this serious flaw is fixed as soon as possible.
In short, it seems it is not possible to send deleted messages to a folder different than Gmail's default trash folder, which is forcibly deleted by Gmail every 30 days, which means you're screwed if you deleted something by mistake earlier than 30 days ago. Because of that, I think this is a severe limitation of Thunderbird and I think will get rid of it, unless this serious flaw is fixed as soon as possible.