unable to mount large ntfs usb drive

It is probably the "fast shutdown" feature of windows 8.
http://www.intowindows.com/enabledisable-fast-startup-in-windows-8/

Possibly, but then PartedMagic (also Linux) mounts it perfectly and reads from it and writes to it. Does PartedMagic also use the ntfs-3g driver? I could not figure out what Linux distribution ParttedMagic is, or is it something completely separate?
Will read the article and try to fix things in Windows 8; I'm not using it anymore but I can always reinstall it if necessary.

"status 13: Error reading bootsector: Input/output error"
This is a physical read error. Could be an unusual partitioning. Please post the output of "fdisk -l /dev/sdb".
"I ran chkdsk /f in Windows and rebooted twice: still no result."
How did you make sure you designated the same partition ?
"It is probably the "fast shutdown" feature of windows 8."
Most unlikely. Mounting did not get far enough.

Please try to get the file system parameters, and post what you get.
sudo ntfsinfo -fm /dev/sdb4

If the above fails, please dump the boot sector data :
sudo dd if=/dev/sdb4 of=bootsector count=1
and post the contents of the file bootsector

Update : if this device is GPT partitioned, fdisk cannot show the partition table. Use parted instead :
sudo parted /dev/sdb print
Also the device has 4096-byte sectors, ntfs-3g 1:2013.1.13AR.1 supports that, but do not use earlier versions.

"fdisk -l /dev/sdb" didn't work.

"I ran chkdsk /f in Windows and rebooted twice: still no result."
The disk labeled DATA_4 has only one partition and Gparted says it is 'unused'. So I ran chkdsk /f on that drive in Windows, got no errors, and rebooted twice. In PartedMagic the same Gparted description ('unused') but the partition is mounted nonetheless and I can read from it and write to it.

"It is probably the "fast shutdown" feature of windows 8."
Will forget about that.

"sudo ntfsinfo -fm /dev/sdb4" fails.

"sudo dd if=/dev/sdb4 of=bootsector count=1"
Results in this:
dd: error reading ‘/dev/sdb4’: Input/output error
0+0 records read
0+0 records written
0 bytes (0 B) copied, 0,00107704 s, 0,0 kB/s

The file 'bootsector' is empty (0 B)

"sudo parted /dev/sdb"
Results in:
GNU Parted 2.3
Apparaat /dev/sdb wordt gebruikt. (Device /dev/sdb is in use.)
Used the command 'toon' ('show') to view the partition tabel, but got the following error:
/dev/sdb: onbekend schijflabel (unknown disk label)

That's about it; it seems I'm stuck with an 'unused' partion that can (PartedMagic) or cannot (Ubuntu) be mounted.

I appreciate your help very much, thank you.
Nevertheless I think I'm going to copy my hard drive's files to another disk in Windows or in PartedMagic, repartition my drive and format it ext4.
Doing that it will mount in Ubuntu, no doubt. Unfortunately it will be empty then.

"dd: error reading ‘/dev/sdb4’: Input/output error"
So, this is not a file system issue. I would first check the device can be read at all :
sudo dd if=/dev/sdb of=bootsector count=1
If this is successful, the partitioning of your device is probably not compatible with Ubuntu, and I would suggest repartitioning by Gparted or similar.