Better handle date/time changes caused by time zone changes including daylight savings

What do you think is the precise explanation for why the time recorded in the EXIF metadata for /run/media/pberck/3031-3130/DCIM/100ND750/DSC_0001.JPG differs from file modification time as recorded on the device file system? That is one example of why the Timeline needed to be rebuilt. There might be others.

If the time does not in fact differ, then that is another question.

I was thinking about the change to daylight saving time, which happened between the previous time I downloaded pictures, and the time it wanted to rebuild the timeline... but that shouldn't change recorded times in EXIF (but maybe affects how the device time is returned?).

If I look at the image time stamp ("ls -l") on the SD card, it says 'Dec 3 16:53', but the time recorded in the EXIF is '2019:12:03 17:53:57' according to exiv2.

I assume the SD card is formatted using the FAT32 file system. Correct? Or is it exFAT?

I have no idea, let me check how I can check. It came with the camera and worked (I might have formatted it in camera, but I don't remember).

The problem is that file has time the photo was taken as 4:53 PM, and the file system says something else, 5:53 PM.

Unfortunately both the primary EXIF data and the FAT32 file system ignore time zones, which makes it really difficult to track what time a photo was taken when you move across time zones or daylight savings comes & goes, causing problems of the kind you are seeing.