Error bootstrapping on openstack when specifying bootstrap-image

This bug was identified after this discourse post https://discourse.charmhub.io/t/juju-bootstrap-duplicate-metadata-record-for-image-id/11972

When trying to bootstrap on an openstack cloud (on this case it is on canonical's internal serverstack), and passing the --bootstrap-image flag (along with the --metadata-source flag), this error is returned:

ERROR cannot cache image metadata: cannot save cloud image metadata: duplicate metadata record for image id 60b52fed-dbf9-4ac1-8a89-163ebf8a8c4a (key="released:serverstack:22.04:amd64:::custom")

and on the debug logs:

2023-10-18 08:00:21 DEBUG cmd supercommand.go:528 error stack:
github.com/juju/juju/state/cloudimagemetadata.(*storage).SaveMetadata.func1:72: duplicate metadata record for image id 60b52fed-dbf9-4ac1-8a89-163ebf8a8c4a (key="released:serverstack:22.04:amd64:::custom")
github.com/juju/juju/state/cloudimagemetadata.(*storage).SaveMetadata:107: cannot save cloud image metadata
github.com/juju/juju/cmd/jujud/agent.storeImageMetadataInState:575: cannot cache image metadata
2023-10-18 08:00:21 DEBUG juju.cmd.jujud main.go:286 jujud complete, code 0, err <nil>

This is a reproducer (on serverstack):
juju --debug bootstrap serverstack c2 \
--config network={user}_admin_net \
--config default-base=ubuntu@22.04 \
--config default-series=jammy \
--bootstrap-image={imageID} \
--bootstrap-base=ubuntu@22.04 \
--bootstrap-constraints="allocate-public-ip=true arch=amd64" \
--metadata-source ~/simplestreams