Setting repository HEAD using the tutorial does not work

I can confirm that this is a bug, though we should fix the code rather than the tutorial.

i can confirm too,
i think its because of this lines in dulwich/repo.py
  1067 except KeyError:
  1068 c.parents = []
  1069 self.object_store.add_object(c)
  1070 ok = self.refs.add_if_new("HEAD", c.id)

so i think setting HEAD can be omitted

there is a another issue in the first tutorial belonging to parse_timezone,
it returns a tuple:

    :return: Tuple with timezone as seconds difference to UTC
        and a boolean indicating whether this was a UTC timezone
        prefixed with a negative sign (-0000).

- >>> tz = parse_timezone('-0200')
+ >>> tz = parse_timezone('-0200')[0]

That try/except block in repo.py is confusing but I think it is correct. Note that RefsContainer.__getitem__ and RefsContainer.set_if_equals follow all symbolic refs. By definition, committing a tree means advancing HEAD, whether or not it is a symbolic ref.

The "try" block first tries an atomic compare-and-swap of HEAD with the new commit. If that fails due to a KeyError, it means there is either no ref named HEAD, or HEAD is a broken symref (which is the default state in a new repo created). Then we do an atomic compare-and-add of HEAD. If HEAD didn't exist, this creates HEAD as a non-symref. If HEAD was a dangling symref, this writes through the symref, e.g. to refs/heads/master.

Following the tutorial as of a383e450, it seems to work. However, there is still a bug: the tutorial tells you to set "repo.refs['HEAD'] = 'ref: refs/heads/master'", which is wrong for two reasons:
1. HEAD is already set in a new repo, cf. Repo._init_maybe_bare.
2. Symbolic refs should be set with set_symbolic_ref; the 'ref: foo' syntax should be considered an implementation detail.
(3. There is no atomic compare-and-swap version of set_symbolic_ref, but we'll ignore that for this bug.)

I'll mail a patch for the tutorial that clarifies the setting of HEAD.